Notes on the Trapp Family in Austria
From Maria's grandparents to summer 1939
Norderstedt: Books on Demand, (April) 2023. xi, 319 p. ISBN: 978-3-7528-3507-6.
€ 29,- (fixed price in Germany)
Available at the BoD Shop (free shipping to many European countries possible) and from other online shops (e.g., amazon.com).
brief description
This study examines the real Trapp family in Austria until 1939. Using scores of contemporaneous sources, this fully referenced book introduces Maria (von) Trapp's own, hitherto unknown, family: the Kutscheras, the Reiners (Rainers), and her foster family, the Kramers. (None of them came from Tyrol.) Moreover, the first chapter critically analyzes Maria's tales about her childhood and youth up to her wedding with Georg (von) Trapp in 1927.
The second chapter covers Georg, his family, his activities in war and business, as well as the family choir started in 1934. Several misconceptions, from Georg having been a baron to his alleged anti-fascism, get corrected here, too.
The third chapter overturns the central myth of the Trapp family story: there is no evidence that the Trapps ever received offers from the Nazis, or resisted them; on the contrary, Georg unsuccessfully tried to solicit business in Nazi Germany. Nor were the Trapps in danger of persecution, or "escaped" from Austria.
Filled with details as well as context—and based on a very broad range of sources and literature—these three "notes" present a history of the Trapp family different from and much more reliable than anything available up to now, including the family members' memoirs.
(But please note that this book is not about the adaptations of the family's stories, such as "The Sound of Music", nor does it contain illustrations.)
Errata and supplemental information
Table of Contents |
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| Preface | v | |
| 0 | Introduction | 1 |
| 1 | Maria – from her grandparents to her wedding | 7 |
| 1.1 | Maria's ancestors, paternal line | 7 |
| 1.1.1 | Josef Kutschera, Maria's paternal grandfather | 7 |
| 1.1.2 | Anna Rittner, Maria's paternal grandmother | 12 |
| 1.1.3 | Josef, Anna, and family – 1852 to 1867 | 13 |
| 1.1.4 | Anna and family – 1869 to 1887 | 16 |
| 1.1.5 | Karl Kutschera and Clara, née Reiner – 1887 to 1888 | 19 |
| 1.1.6 | Jacques, Anna, and Maria Deininger – 1891 to 1902 | 23 |
| 1.1.7 | Karl again – 1903 | 25 |
| 1.2 | Maria's ancestors, maternal line | 28 |
| 1.2.1 | Katharina Hatzmann, Maria's maternal grandmother | 28 |
| 1.2.2 | Karl Reiner and his ancestors | 30 |
| 1.2.3 | Katharina Hatzmann – 1870 to 1873 | 38 |
| 1.2.4 | Karl Reiner's ancestors, once more | 39 |
| 1.2.5 | Karl and Katharina Reiner and their daughters – 1873 to 1903 | 44 |
| 1.3 | Maria – 1905 to 1915 | 48 |
| 1.3.1 | Karl Kutschera and Augusta Reiner – 1903 | 48 |
| 1.3.2 | Maria Reiner and Franz Mayer – 1904 | 49 |
| 1.3.3 | Maria's birth – 1905 | 50 |
| 1.3.4 | Digression: Maria and Tyrol | 54 |
| 1.3.5 | Augusta's death and the family – 1905 to 1906 | 56 |
| 1.3.6 | The Kramer-Kutschera connection | 59 |
| 1.3.7 | The Kramer family | 60 |
| 1.3.8 | Maria's childhood and the Kramers – 1906 to 1914 | 64 |
| 1.3.9 | Maria and her father – 1906 to 1915 | 68 |
| 1.4 | Maria – 1916 to 1927 | 74 |
| 1.4.1 | "Uncle Franz" and school – 1916 to 1919 | 74 |
| 1.4.2 | Farewell to the Kramers and to Karl Kutschera jr. | 77 |
| 1.4.3 | Becoming a teacher – 1919 to 1924 | 80 |
| 1.4.4 | And becoming religious again? – 19XX to 1924 | 86 |
| 1.4.5 | Coming to Salzburg and Nonnberg Abbey school – 1924 to 1925 | 91 |
| 1.4.6 | From Nonnberg to the Trapps – 1926 to 1927 | 97 |
| 1.5 | Maria – the streamlined version | 105 |
| 2 | The Trapp family until early 1938 | 119 |
| 2.1 | Family | 119 |
| 2.2 | War | 127 |
| 2.3 | Citizenship and titles | 132 |
| 2.4 | Business and finance | 137 |
| 2.5 | Music | 145 |
| 2.6 | Father Franz Wasner | 154 |
| 2.7 | Politics and patriotism | 157 |
| 2.8 | Summary: The Trapps until early 1938 | 165 |
| 3 | The Trapps and Austria/Germany in 1938/1939 | 175 |
| 3.1 | March to September 1938 – Maria's recollections | 176 |
| 3.2 | March to October 1938 – other family recollections | 181 |
| 3.3 | Analysis | 187 |
| 3.3.1 | The "flag incident" | 187 |
| 3.3.2 | The visit to Munich | 188 |
| 3.3.3 | The Vienna "invitation" to Rupert | 190 |
| 3.3.4 | The German Navy's "invitation" to Georg | 194 |
| 3.3.5 | Singing for Hitler? – The Trapps and Germany | 198 |
| 3.3.6 | Leaving "Austria" in 1938 | 211 |
| 3.4 | Digression: The Villa Trapp – 1938 to 1948 | 219 |
| 3.5 | 1939: USA – "Austria" – USA | 223 |
| 3.6 | Synthesis | 232 |
| 4 | Afterword | 239 |
| References | 241 |
Errata and supplemental information:
p. 87, line 4: the reference "[BL:250]" should read "[B40:250]".
p. 96: About five months after Maria had arrived at Nonnberg school, she enrolled on 16 February 1925 at the Mozarteum in Salzburg (see also p. 145f.) in a preparatory course in lute playing, which she
had to pay for. (Her "accomodation" is given as "female teacher, Nonnberg Abbey.") No grades or leaving date were noted on her student's registration sheet, so we do not know whether she completed what
was technically the second semester of the 1924/25 school year. (Source: Universität Mozarteum – Archiv (Kunst-ARCHIV-Raum): Matrikel-Nr. 2508: Studienblatt Maria Gusti Kutschera. See also this
press release in German.)
p. 101, footnote 131: (Baroness) Margarete "Reta" Antonie Maria von Mandelsloh was born on 27 February 1879 in Salzburg and died on 4 May 1963 in Neumarkt-Sankt Veit (Upper Bavaria).
(Source: Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels. Vol. 69. (= Freiherrliche Häuser A, vol. 11.) Limburg an der Lahn: C. A. Starke Verlag, 1979, p. 168.) According to a personal communication
by one of her grand-nephews (4 March 2024), she worked for the Trapps at some stage, but possibly more as a governess than as a housekeeper. (After the second world war the Trapps sent care packages
and letters to her.) Maria's and Agathe's claim that she had been an "elderly lady" clashes with the fact that she was only about one year older than Georg.
p. 120, line 10: According to the birth register entries of her three children [M176; M177; M178], Emilie Friederike Hedwig Wepler, Georg's mother, came from
Eisenach, in the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. However, just as has often been claimed–including in my book–she was born in Schloss Wildeck near Obersuhl
(located in Hesse-Cassel a.k.a. the Electorate of Hesse, not in the Grand Duchy of Hesse) as Emilie Friedericke[!] Hedwig Wepler. (For confirmation see
(Evangelische Kirche von Kurhessen-Waldeck): Tauf-Buch für die Gemeinde Obersuhl nebst Wildeck, Blumenstein, Libenz, Almushof und Schildhof [baptism register for the parish of Obersuhl, including
Wildeck, Blumenstein, Libenz, Almushof and Schildhof], vol. 2, 1850-1869, p. 71, 1855, nr. 343.) While Hedwig's father worked in Erfurt at the time of her birth, the family later lived in Eisenach,
which likely explains the claim in the birth register entries of her children.
p. 121, last paragraph (also p. 166, second paragraph): the distinction between ship-of-the-line lieutenants first and second class was apparently abolished shortly after Georg had been promoted.
p. 127, last paragraph (also p. 165, last paragraph): the "Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia" was an "armored cruiser", not a "torpedo cruiser". (Thanks to Per-Anders Sahlin for bringing this to
my attention.)
p. 131, first paragraph: Using, inter alia, the records of the French Navy, Jean Martinant de Preneuf argues that it was the near-sinking of the "Jean Bart" in December 1914 which
led to the French Navy's decision to no longer send its battleships into the Adriatic. (Martinant de Preneuf, Jean: Unvorbereitet und schockiert. Die französische Marine im Ersten Weltkrieg.
In: Epkenhans, Michael; Huck, Stephan (eds.): Der Erste Weltkrieg zur See. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2017; pp. 49-71, here p. 65.) Re-reading [B52:ch. 1] I find this convincing and would now hesitate to call Georg's
sinking of the "Léon Gambetta" "more than just a tactical victory".
p. 178, footnote 232: Concerning Maria's alleged antisemitism, Saul Jay Singer has published a letter by Maria, dated 21 August 1944, and a reply by her publicist, Alix S. Williamson, dated 23
August 1944. According to Singer, "[r]eading between the lines of Williamson's missive, Maria's antisemitic animus is evident [...]." (Singer, Saul Jay: Maria von Tropp[!] and The Sound of Music: The 'Jewish Angle'. In:
JewishPress.com, 13 March 2024,
www.jewishpress.com/sections/features/features-on-jewish-world/maria-von-tropp-and-the-sound-of-music-the-jewish-angle/2024/03/13/.) I leave it to the reader to appraise Maria's letter and Singer's interpretation.
p. 180, note 234: I now have proof that Georg did get a military pension in Italy, even as late as 1941, which was taxed and paid into an escrow account there. Also, Rupert and Werner received rent in
the same way for their shares in houses in Fiume (see also p. 142, middle of the page).
p. 220, middle of the page: With more evidence at hand, I now recognize that the Missionaries of the Precious Blood had to leave in July 1940, not 1941. This also means that I misdated the source [A26] which,
in the original, does not give the year. This should have been made clear in the reference section on p. 244. Sorry!
p. 221, end of first paragraph: The letter referenced as [A58] was never sent, even had nothing to do with the Trapp property, as I noticed only on second inspection.
The "Reichskommissar" actually put Georg's properties under his control, as I will detail in a much more thoroughly researched article (in German) on the Villa Trapp between 1923 and 1953, which will be put up on this
website and linked from here when finished.
p. 221, middle of the page: the Villa Trapp was not called "Alpenquartier", and not renamed "Feldkommandostelle Bergwald" in mid-November 1942. The first claim was due to a misunderstanding
of mine of [B207:36], the second is more complicated because there existed a "Feldkommandostelle Bergwald" since 14 November 1942, but this name was not (yet) referring to the Villa Trapp.
p. 221, footnote 285: I have revised my opinion that "the Villa Trapp played only a marginal role in Himmler's activities, and certainly none in the planning of the Endlösung [...]."
From March to July 1944 Himmler often stayed at "Bergwald", which now designated the Villa Trapp, and during that time the deportation and murder of the Hungarian Jews and other crimes were orchestrated.
My apologies for all the mistakes in chapter 3.4, several of which could, and should, have been avoided in the first place.
p. 225f.: For quite some time now, Dutch media have been reporting that the Trapps stayed in a villa in Loenen, owned by the banker Menten, in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands in 1938 and 1939 for one and a half years
(https://www.destentor.nl/apeldoorn/hier-woonde-de-familie-von-trapp~a4c13d98/,
https://www.ad.nl/apeldoorn/loenen-en-von-trapp~a35b4e3c/,
https://www.gld.nl/nieuws/2051765/sound-of-music-familie-zong-op-plein-in-loenen,
https://www.gld.nl/nieuws/8113624/sound-of-music-familie-von-trapp-dook-onder-in-loenen).
Of course, except for the stay in the Netherlands in June 1939, the confirmed whereabouts of the Trapps leave no opening for any extended time in that country
– let alone an impossible one and a half years. It is possible that they had been in Loenen for a few days in December 1937, around the time they gave a concert in The Hague on 15 December,[W70] and again in summer 1939,
either in June (see also [W70]), or briefly at the end of July when they met up in Amsterdam, according to Agathe.[B176:153] However, the Trapps certainly stayed in a villa owned by Menten in Warmond in June 1939 (see also
[B197:166], which shows a handwritten entry of "Warmond" in Wasner's passport), so they could have been in Loenen for only part of June, if they were there at all in that month.
Incidentally, there is no explanation for how the songs in the movie "The Sound of Music", written by Rodgers and Hammerstein in the 1950s in the US and very different in type from what the Trapps themselves had sung,
could have reminded the man quoted in the first article of the Trapps' concert in Loenen in 1939. Nor is any source given for the claim in the second article that the Trapps, while still in Austria, had regularily received
financial support from Menten, whom they allegedly knew from a shared interest in anthroposophy. The third article claims that it was Menten who enabled the Trapps to emigrate, on their second attempt, to the US. (Of course,
no source is given; nor is this claim credible.) The fourth, very recent, article claims that Georg had learned cello at the Mozarteum in Salzburg, played it there in the 1930s, and sang the tenor part in the family choir –
obviously the author, or her source, confused Georg with his second son, Werner. That article, too, spreads the nonsense that the Trapps had stayed in Loenen for one and a half years.
p. 240, middle of second paragraph should read: "In this context Georg and Maria were, sad to say, like rather ordinary Austrians, [...]".
p. 240, last paragraph: It would have been fair to mention the "Trapp Family Austrian Relief" here again, without Winter's criticism. (See p. 79, footnote 105.)
Notice (10 January 2024):
Church register entries on Maria and her paternal family, listed for the first time in my book, have been used by someone in early January 2024 to make changes to the
English Wikipedia article
on Maria von Trapp, without my book being mentioned. However, that article and other Wikipedia articles (regardless of language)
concerning the historical Trapps and the adaptations of their stories still contain quite a lot of erroneous, or dubious, information. (A minor example: Although reference is made to the
birth and baptism register in the English Wikipedia text on Maria, she was baptized as Maria Auguste, not Maria Augusta as claimed in the text and in the info box.)
13.11.2024